Dart was officially announced by Google in October 2011, with the primary objective of providing a better language for web development. It aimed to address the shortcomings of JavaScript while embracing the same principles that made JavaScript popular – an interpreted, dynamically typed language that could be executed across different platforms.
Dart于2011年10月由Google正式发布，其主要目标是为web开发提供一种更好的语言。它旨在解决JavaScript的缺点，同时采用使JavaScript流行的相同原则——一种可以跨不同平台执行的解释型动态类型语言。
The early versions of Dart focused on compiling JavaScript, allowing developers to leverage their existing knowledge of JavaScript while benefiting from Dart’s additional features and improvements. However, Google soon realized that Dart had the potential to be more than just a language for web development. With its strong performance characteristics and versatility, Dart could be used to build native applications across multiple platforms.
Dart的早期版本专注于编译JavaScript，允许开发人员利用他们现有的JavaScript知识，同时受益于Dart的附加功能和改进。然而，谷歌很快意识到Dart不仅仅是一种用于网络开发的语言。凭借其强大的性能特征和多功能性，Dart可用于构建跨多个平台的本机应用程序。
As Dart continued to evolve, Google introduced Flutter in 2017, an open-source UI toolkit built using Dart. Flutter embraced the concept of reactive UI programming and allowed developers to build beautiful, cross-platform applications with a single codebase. The combination of Dart and Flutter proved to be a powerful duo, enabling developers to create high-quality, performant apps for iOS, Android, the web, and desktop platforms.
随着Dart的不断发展，谷歌在2017年推出了Flutter，这是一个使用Dart构建的开源UI工具包。Flutter采用了响应式UI编程的概念，允许开发人员使用单个代码库构建漂亮的跨平台应用程序。Dart和Flutter的结合被证明是一个强大的组合，使开发人员能够为iOS, Android, web和桌面平台创建高质量，高性能的应用程序。
Today, Dart has gained significant traction in the developer community and is widely recognized as a powerful and expressive language for building mobile and web applications. Its growing ecosystem of libraries and tools, coupled with its strong integration with Flutter, makes Dart a compelling choice for developers seeking to create modern, cross-platform apps.
今天，Dart已经在开发者社区中获得了巨大的吸引力，并且被广泛认为是构建移动和web应用程序的强大而富有表现力的语言。它不断增长的库和工具生态系统，加上与Flutter的强大集成，使Dart成为寻求创建现代跨平台应用程序的开发人员的一个引人注目的选择。
Now that we have explored the history of Dart, let’s dive into what Dart is.
既然我们已经探索了Dart的历史，让我们深入了解Dart是什么。
Dart is a modern, object-oriented programming language designed to be fast, productive, and scalable. It was developed with the aim of providing an efficient language for building a wide range of applications, including web, mobile, and desktop. Dart combines the best aspects of statically typed and dynamically typed languages, offering developers a flexible and expressive coding experience.
Dart是一种现代的面向对象编程语言，旨在快速、高效和可扩展。它的开发目标是提供一种高效的语言，用于构建广泛的应用程序，包括web、移动和桌面应用程序。Dart结合了静态类型语言和动态类型语言的最佳方面，为开发人员提供了灵活且富有表现力的编码体验。
When we talk about statically typed and dynamically typed languages, we are referring to how the language handles variable types and type checking. In statically typed languages like Dart, the type of variable is known and checked at compile time. This means that the compiler verifies the types of variables and ensures that they are used correctly throughout the code. Statically typed languages offer benefits, such as early error detection and enhanced code reliability.
当我们谈论静态类型和动态类型语言时，我们指的是语言如何处理变量类型和类型检查。在像Dart这样的静态类型语言中，变量的类型是已知的，并在编译时进行检查。这意味着编译器验证变量的类型，并确保在整个代码中正确使用它们。静态类型语言提供了一些好处，比如早期的错误检测和增强的代码可靠性。
On the other hand, dynamically typed languages do not enforce strict type-checking at compile time. Instead, the type of variable is determined at runtime. This provides more flexibility in terms of assigning different types of values to variables, but it can also lead to potential errors if the wrong types are used.
另一方面，动态类型语言在编译时不强制执行严格的类型检查。相反，变量的类型在运行时确定。这在为变量分配不同类型的值方面提供了更大的灵活性，但如果使用了错误的类型，也可能导致潜在的错误。
One of the key features of Dart is its focus on productivity. The language is designed to make developers more efficient by providing features like concise syntax, strong type inference, and a rich set of built-in libraries. Dart encourages clean and readable code, allowing developers to express their ideas straightforwardly.
Dart的一个关键特性是它对生产力的关注。该语言旨在通过提供简洁的语法、强类型推断和丰富的内置库集等特性，提高开发人员的效率。Dart鼓励编写干净易读的代码，允许开发人员直接表达他们的想法。
Dart supports both just-in-time (JIT) and ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation, providing flexibility and performance optimization. During development, the Dart virtual machine (VM) uses JIT compilation to provide fast feedback with its hot reload feature, allowing developers to see the changes instantly without the need for a full application restart. For production releases, Dart code can be compiled into a highly optimized machine code using AOT compilation, resulting in fast startup times and efficient execution.
Dart同时支持即时(JIT)和提前(AOT)编译，从而提供灵活性和性能优化。在开发期间，Dart虚拟机(VM)使用JIT编译通过其热重新加载特性提供快速反馈，允许开发人员立即看到更改，而无需重新启动整个应用程序。对于生产版本，可以使用AOT编译将Dart代码编译为高度优化的机器码，从而实现快速启动和高效执行。
The language follows an object-oriented paradigm, where everything is an object and classes define the blueprint for creating objects. Dart supports features such as inheritance, interfaces, mixins, and abstract classes, enabling developers to write modular and reusable code. It also provides support for generics, allowing for the creation of data structures and algorithms that are type-safe and reusable across different data types.
该语言遵循面向对象的范式，其中一切都是对象，类定义了创建对象的蓝图。Dart支持继承、接口、混合和抽象类等特性，使开发人员能够编写模块化和可重用的代码。它还提供了对泛型的支持，允许创建类型安全且跨不同数据类型可重用的数据结构和算法。
Another notable aspect of Dart is its strong asynchronous programming support. Dart incorporates the concepts of futures and async/await syntax, making it easy to handle asynchronous operations, such as network requests and file I/O, without blocking the application’s execution. This asynchronous programming model allows for the development of responsive and efficient applications.
Dart的另一个值得注意的方面是它强大的异步编程支持。Dart结合了future和async/await语法的概念，使处理异步操作(如网络请求和文件I/O)变得容易，而不会阻塞应用程序的执行。这种异步编程模型允许开发响应式和高效的应用程序。
Dart has a rich standard library that includes modules for working with collections, files, networking, asynchronous programming, and more. Additionally, the Dart ecosystem offers a wide range of third-party packages and libraries that extend the capabilities of the language and simplify common development tasks.
Dart有一个丰富的标准库，其中包括用于处理集合、文件、网络、异步编程等的模块。此外，Dart生态系统提供了广泛的第三方包和库，扩展了语言的功能并简化了常见的开发任务。
With its combination of productivity, performance, and flexibility, Dart has become a preferred language for Flutter development. Its ability to create beautiful user interfaces, handle complex business logic, and integrate seamlessly with Flutter’s UI framework makes Dart an ideal choice for building cross-platform applications.
凭借其生产力、性能和灵活性的结合，Dart已成为Flutter开发的首选语言。它能够创建漂亮的用户界面，处理复杂的业务逻辑，并与Flutter的UI框架无缝集成，这使得Dart成为构建跨平台应用程序的理想选择。
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